The same complete history of events can be described in different metaphysical languages without changing the events themselves.One may describe the causal unfolding entirely in terms of nature, matter, institutions, psychology, contingency, and human action. Or one may describe that identical unfolding as divine action appearing through those very causes. Nothing observable needs to be added, removed, or rearranged.That is the analogy to gauge freedom in physics: changing the description does not change the trajectory.So logic cannot rule theism out merely by giving a complete natural or historical explanation. “We can explain what happened without mentioning God” establishes only that God is unnecessary as an additional cause alongside the others. It does not establish that the whole causal actuality cannot itself be understood theistically.The real disagreement therefore lies less over what happened than over what the happening ultimately is.
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