Previous: >>545355902Day 1,713 – Daily assessment: understandingwar.org/analysis/russia-ukraine/#research▶Latest>New causality record - 2500 russian soldiers>WSJ, Oct 29: refinery strikes paused till the Nov 3 midterms. Next 3 nights: Novokuibyshevsk, Ufa's Bashneft-Novoil & Kstovo's NORSI hit, ~33Mt/yr = ~10% of russia's capacity (Dnipro Osint). Fire Point confirms 2>Oct 31: drones & Neptunes hit Kamensky Combine (MLRS/missile solid fuel), 4 units damaged (GS). Zelensky: a Pantsir-S2 & S-400 command vehicle too, ~$70M>GS: record 54,400 russian losses in Oct, 1,755/day (prev. high 48,670, Dec 2024). Zelensky: UA also retook more land than it lost>ISW: UA gains S of Oleksandrivka, NE of Borova & W of Kostiantynivka; russia advances in Hulyaipole & Orikhiv directions>Oleshky evac done: 19h via Anapa & Gomel vs a 2km river crossing, no filtration or phone checks (Lubinets); 11 buses to Ukraine, 4 to russia (Newsmax). ISW: "remarkably successful">US OKs $2.1B sale of 500 PAC-3 MSE, paid by Canada, Germany, Norway & EU loan; delivery may take years. Kyiv got ~12/month from the US in 2026 (Zelensky)>russian jet-drone hits Dnipro station platform between 2 trains, 15 dead>Abu Dhabi trilateral still undated, Ushakov: "only mid-November", no Europeans. Rubio: "I don't know if negotiated peace is achievable in Ukraine"▶Telegramrentry.org/telosint2023t.me/ukr_pics▶Intelt.me/DeepStateUAt.me/DroneBombert.me/Exilenova_Plusodin.tradoc.army.mil/WEG (equipment explorer)ukr.warspotting.net (visually confirmed losses)▶Mapsdeepstatemap.live/enliveuamap.com/enhttps://map.militarnyi.com/ (Strike Map)▶russian confirmed KIAhochuvernut.com200.zona.media/poteru.net/en/▶An illustrative article for understanding the "kill zone" in Ukraine's front linesreuters.com/graphics/UKRAINE-CRISIS/KILL-ZONE/znpnojmknvl/▶/uhg/-approved vidyadeepstatemap.live/arcade/▶DISPOSABLE SOLDIER (diary of a RU mobik)TOURS 1-4: files.catbox.moe/mpcw7p.zip
>cofi status?
>>545370300TZD!!>/RCWG/ == cripple and amputee fights
>>545370300SLAVA UKRAINI02.11.2026Tanks — 12452 (+1)Armored fighting vehicle — 25629 (+7)Artillery systems — 51801 (+46)MLRS — 2251 (+2)Anti-aircraft warfare — 1731 (+1)Planes — 452Helicopters — 356Ground robotic systems — 3063 (+9)UAV — 592541 (+936)Cruise missiles — 5140Ships (boats) — 35Submarines — 2Cars and cisterns — 169110 (+371)Special equipment — 4863 (+2)Military personnel — aprx. 1592770 people (+2500)
>>545370300TZD
>>545370390>Cofi status.Cofi is fine.
Ahem.
>>545370300TZD!!>+2500!!
TZD>>545370390got served coffee by a very cute barista girl today, and coffee was good too <3
Daily reminder: russian labor minister admits the need to "find" 11 million new mongols, tajiks, and jeets to replace all the dead russians by 2030What did pidors gain from this war?
>>545370300>>WSJ, Oct 29: refinery strikes paused till the Nov 3 midterms. Next 3 nights: Novokuibyshevsk, Ufa's Bashneft-Novoil & Kstovo's NORSI hit, ~33Mt/yr = ~10% of russia's capacity (Dnipro Osint). Fire Point confirms 2As in "refineries" but, they can still strike "Data centers", rite?
russian trucks status?
>>545370632>baristaIt's kelnerka my slav bro.Why use globohomo nutalk?
>>545370855to be fair half of our vocabulary is likely loan words from other languages
>>545370841Peaceful but mostly fiery.
>>545370970That's the fate of all languages and there's nothing wrong with borrowing. Pic related, by the way. >>545370855Of all the ways you can be annoying, please don't go into linguistics. You know jack shit about it.
wishing (You) a comfy TZD
>>545370855soviet = goylem
>>545371039yeah I had a suspicion that word is not even slavic in origin lol
Estonian PM rebuffs reported Pentagon request to soften rhetoric on Putin1/?Estonian Prime Minister Kristen Michal on Oct. 30 rejected a reported U.S. request that Baltic leaders tone down their rhetoric on Russia, saying he had no intention of stopping calling Russian President Vladimir Putin a dictator.Reuters reported the same day, citing four people familiar with the discussions, that Pentagon officials had asked several NATO allies — including Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania — in private meetings in recent weeks to soften their public statements about the threat posed by Russia, arguing that some European rhetoric had undermined security on the continent. The Pentagon declined to address the substance. "Private conversations among allies are just that, so we will not comment on these allegations," a Pentagon official told Reuters.U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Elbridge Colby, a key figure in an ongoing review of U.S. troop levels in Europe, was among the officials delivering the message. One of the sources said Colby had recently advised a Baltic official not to "poke" Russia, and had pointed to public statements that Russia was "cornered like a rat" as an example of unhelpful rhetoric. One European official paraphrased the U.S. message as: "We are helping you. The Americans are there. Just don't be loud. Don't make noise."Michal had used exactly that image in late September, when he likened Putin to a rat driven into a corner, suggesting Moscow was turning to sabotage in Europe as its invasion of Ukraine stalled.Speaking to Estonia's Delfi news outlet on Oct. 30, Michal made clear he would not change course. Currying favor with dictators, he said, brings only humiliation.
When will the ruganda start winning?
>>5453711232/3"I am not going to hold back. Putin is a dictator who kills women and children. And he will keep doing so until he is forced to change course," Michal said, describing Russia's war in Ukraine as terrorism.Michal said he had received no such request directly from Washington; he last met U.S. President Donald Trump in Ankara over the summer, and the subject did not come up."At home we hear politicians' pre-election complaints that we are too restrained, while from the news we learn that our allies from the biggest country in the world are asking us to hold back," he said.Michal also pointed to Estonia's contribution to the alliance: the country spends almost 7% of its GDP on NATO's needs in total, he said, and guards the alliance's eastern flank. Its 2026 defense budget alone stands at 5.4% of GDP, one of the highest shares in the alliance.On Oct. 28, Defense Minister Martin Herem told parliament that around 150 bunkers would be built in the northeastern Ida-Virumaa region on the Russian border as part of the Baltic Defense Line — roughly 100 on state land and about 50 on municipal or private land.Estonia has signed contracts for nine U.S. HIMARS rocket systems, including missiles with a range of up to 300 km (186 miles), and nine South Korean K239 Chunmoo launchers with a comparable range. Under its new "active defense" doctrine, it also plans to permanently station its best units closer to the Russian border.
God bless Zelensky and the people of Ukraine! May god curse the Russia and the Russian people. Amen.
>>5453711673/3The country is a prime target of Russian hybrid campaigns. In March 2026, Kremlin-linked social media accounts promoted the idea of creating a "Narva People's Republic" in the majority Russian-speaking Ida-Virumaa county, which Estonia's security services described as a possible coordinated influence operation. Western intelligence services have repeatedly warned of Russian sabotage and hybrid operations across Europe, although Baltic intelligence agencies have recently played down the likelihood of Moscow directly testing NATO's collective defense clause.Putin says he has no intention of fighting Europe but will respond to any challenge. At a news conference on Oct. 29 following a Russia-Africa summit in Moscow, he asked whether anyone wanted "the same situation in the Baltic Sea as in the Persian Gulf" or the Strait of Hormuz. "We don't want that, but we will respond to any challenge," he said.
>>545371039>>545370970>please don't go into linguistics. You know jack shit about it.You don't have to go to linguistics to notice which words overlap with polish.Like we also say "kelnerka" "krčma" "kava"... bartista lol...
Aryan Ukraine vs musco-communist goyslave
>>545370390Brewed, bottled, warming my hands between two tree falling.Total Ryssä Dekarjalisation
>>545371271You forgot to make xer brown.
>>545371181Fuck Russia and all of their supporters!
>>545371395no dont fuck them. stack them.
Bomb zigger children with napalm
>>545371256>You don't have to go to linguistics to notice which words overlap with polishyou didn't even have to scroll, the etymology was in the pic you replied to>kelnerkaGerman Kellner, from Latin cellenarius>kavaOttoman Turkish kahve, from Arabic qahwa. same for the Polish kawa>krčmaok, that one's actually Proto-Slavic. 1 out of 3, gold star"overlap" just means you and the Poles borrowed from the same Germans and Turks. kelner is also Dutch, Norwegian and Romanian (chelner), are they slavbros now?and your standard word, konobar? from konoba, from Latin canaba. both your waiters are Latin cellar guys>globohomo nutalkbarista is Italian, bar + -ista, in their dictionaries since 1926. a century-old word from across the Adriatic isn't nutalk>bartistathe language cop can't spell the suspect
today a supposedly anti rus, pro ukr aid co-worker told me in 2014 ukrainians executed russian speakers by running them over with tractors or smth ridiculous like that, prolly took it off tik tokso I said what any reasonable person would say, I said "didnt happen but it should have"
TZD btw
>>545371566fairly sure germans use kellner toot. couple dozen hours in duolingo
>>545371659>it's literally in the post award:DDDDDD
>>545370761A chance to inflate debt domestically like burgers do by imported new debtors.
>>545371601Based
>>545371566>>bartista>the language cop can't spell the suspectNo one used that word till rise of starbucks. Was always pure reddit word for me.>>545371517finally HQ nafo post, nice res, grading, all of it. all pics should be like this since it's image board.
>>545371786>No one used that word till rise of starbucksStarbucks didn't own a single cafe until Schultz went to Milan in 1983 and copied the Italian espresso bar, baristas included. Italians have had the word since at least 1926>pure reddit word for meyou got it from reddit, Italians got it from their morning espressoalso noticed you dropped kelnerka, kava and konobar. I'll take the silence as agreement
>>545370300>imageaverage hohol draft dodger hiding in evil Russia
>>545371786>No one used that word till rise of starbucks. Was always pure reddit word for me.It's a loan word and popularize by the tv serires "Friends"
the consequences will never be the same
>>545372072ok didn't know that, thought it was popularized by starbucks.
G20 ministers shun Lavrov as U.S. hosts scrap 'family photo'1/2Top diplomats from the Group of 20 refused to be photographed alongside Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov at the bloc's meeting in Atlanta on Oct. 30, forcing the U.S. hosts to cancel the traditional "family photo.""There is no 'business as usual' with Russia. We need to discuss these controversies here at the table, which is why this conversation is important. But we also have to avoid false visual signals," German Foreign Minister Johann Wadephul told reporters in the city.U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio, who hosted the two-day gathering, decided to scrap the photo rather than let the controversy distract from the talks, Bloomberg reported. British Foreign Secretary Ed Miliband was among the European ministers who said they would not be pictured with Lavrov, and he confronted the Russian directly during the session. "Let me say this directly to the Russian Foreign Minister: We all know who the aggressor in this war is," Miliband said, accusing Moscow of killing innocent civilians in Ukraine.Lavrov shrugged off the snub. "I call this 'family photo diplomacy,'" he said.Although such photos are ceremonial and carry little practical weight, they are a fixture of summit choreography meant to project unity among world leaders. The refusal by Germany and other countries laid bare the rift between the United States and its allies over President Donald Trump's push for rapprochement with Russia as he tries to end the war in Ukraine.The awkward optics had a precedent: at a G20 finance ministers' meeting in Asheville, North Carolina, in September, U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent invited his Russian counterpart Anton Siluanov without consulting other members. European officials — Germany's among them — said they would not be photographed with him, and Siluanov, attending a G20 in person for the first time since Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, was left out of the group picture.
>>5453722032/2The foreign ministers' meeting, meant to set the stage for a G20 leaders' summit at Trump's Doral resort in Miami on Dec. 14–15, ended on Oct. 31 without consensus on key security issues. The group issued no joint communique; Rubio released a chairman's statement instead. Diplomats said the divisions — over the war in Ukraine, the U.S.-Israeli war against Iran, U.S. tariffs and China's moves in the South China Sea — had been too deep, and described Russia's position on Ukraine as unyielding. Lavrov told the gathering that Moscow would not allow a situation in which Ukraine poses a "military threat to legitimate security interests of the Russian Federation."Rubio, who had opened the talks with an appeal for unity, said on Oct. 31 that he had spoken briefly with Lavrov on the sidelines about the possibility of Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin interacting at the APEC summit in China this month. "If we can play a role in mediating an end to that conflict, the United States is prepared to play that role," Rubio said. "And to play that role, we have to have the ability to communicate with both sides."Trump has invited Putin to the December summit in Miami, but the Kremlin has not said whether he will attend, and Lavrov declined to say at the Atlanta meeting. Putin last attended a G20 summit in person in 2019.
>>545371786ikr. the poor quality cameras of todays warfare really brings me back to the early 00's. I mean I dont blame them most of these clankers are on one way missions so a high quality camera would be a waste.
>>545371698oh yea I skimmed through on mobile what can you dodid I say TZD yet
>>545371995
Did someone order destruction?
>Zelenskyy has said he wants his country to become a “'big Israel' with its own faceIf you don't see how kike infested the whole ukrainian project is you are blind
>>545373290>The only overlap with Khazaria is in eastern oblasts and CrimeaReally makes you think.
>>545373290I need to know your source
>retarded pakijeet zigger shill is larping as a croatlmao
"It's impossible to get out of there": A single father of many children was abducted in Omsk.On October 4th, Yuri Terentiev was detained by police near the "Zvezdnaya" bus stop, where he was waiting for a colleague who had gone into a pawn shop. When the colleague arrived, drawn by the noise, both were apprehended and taken to the "Sirius 55" recruitment center, and then to the passport office for new documents.From there, Yuri called his supervisor and reported that he was being taken to war. The colleague was able to be released shortly before being sent away, thanks to his relatives, while Yuri was taken to Samara on the evening of October 5th. The family only learned about this the next day. On October 25th, the man managed to contact his relatives and said that "it's impossible to get out of there."Yuri's sister went to "Sirius," where she was sent to the military recruitment office and given a copy of the order. Other relatives contacted the military recruitment office in the Tatar district of the Novosibirsk region, where Yuri's mother lives, but they were advised to wait a month first. They're settling in comfortably – assault troops don't live that long.The man is, of course, not fit for service, and it's unclear how he passed the medical examination: he wears a special brace due to back problems and is practically blind in one eye after a stab wound. He left three minor children at home, who are under Yuri's guardianship.
>>545373290>Ukraine was once known as Khazarialmao. Khazar capital Atil: Volga delta, by Astrakhan. Sarkel: on the Don, Rostov oblast. Samandar: Dagestan. look at your own pic anon, the purple blob is hugging the Caspian kekeven the northernmost Khazar fort, Mayatskoye, is in Voronezh oblast. and the Khazar town in Crimea, Kerch? Moscow annexed that in 2014 LMAOfor Ukraine to "restore Khazaria" it'd have to march on Astrakhan and Dagestan first kek>tryzub = Khazarian tamgait's the Rurikid sign off Volodymyr's coins. same dynasty that founded Moscow and ran it until 1598. if it's Khazar, so is Ivan the Terrible lmaoand the Rurikid who actually ended Khazaria was Sviatoslav of Kyiv, 965-969. Sarkel sacked, Atil sacked, Samandar raided. Kyiv deleted your boogeyman a thousand years before Zelensky was born kek>big Israelhe meant rifles in supermarkets and cinemas, security first for ten years. finish the quote lmao>source: 176-view tweet, "Must Watch!!"kek
>54,000 russians died in the month of october and you're laughing
>>545373605probably 30k dead rest wounded
>>545373605yes.
"They treat us like pigs": Wounded and sick soldiers are forced to mutilate themselves to receive medical care.Servicemen from units of the 7th Military Base have recorded a collective appeal inside a former hospital building in Artemovsk, where a military police platoon is stationed. More than ten people are being held behind bars there, including soldiers with serious injuries, HIV, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and mental disorders, but they have not received treatment for months.Private Vladislav Ukhov said that he was locked up in a cold pit for five days, beaten, and extorted for money. According to Private Rustam Farzuliev, whose son was already killed on the front lines, he was diagnosed with HIV after six months of imprisonment. Artur Gudiev was beaten with a sledgehammer, breaking his ribs, and a dog was set on him after he refused to carry out a combat task.The servicemen name the commander of the military police platoon, Sergeant Sergei Dymov, call sign "Dym," and Senior Sergeant Valery Baburin as being responsible for the beatings and humiliation."He treats us like pigs. He calls us all sorts of obscene names. He humiliates us in front of everyone. He doesn't give us pills, even though he has them. We approach him and ask for pills. He tells us to go to hell," said one of the soldiers, describing Baburin's behavior.Some of the servicemen have been driven to attempted suicide by the inhumane conditions. In order to get hospitalized, they are forced to inject themselves with fluids under the skin to cause inflammation. The soldiers are demanding that an investigation be conducted into the military police platoon, that the abuse be stopped, and that medical care be provided.
>>545372096Mmm, cofi
Conscripted soldiers are being forced to sign contracts through violence, threats, and intimidation.The number of cases of conscripted soldiers being coerced into signing contracts is increasing. From June to October 15th, human rights organizations received approximately 200 appeals from soldiers and their relatives.Artyom Chilikin, a 20-year-old from Buryatia, who had only a month left until his discharge, was beaten, held in handcuffs, and deprived of sleep and food. To force him to sign a contract, his commander threatened to accuse the young man of drug trafficking. Ultimately, Artyom agreed under pressure. According to his family, three other conscripts in the same unit were also forced to sign documents in the same way. Viktor Kirkinov, from the Nizhny Novgorod region, who also had only a few weeks left until the end of his service, was beaten and forced to stand for a full day. He signed the contract and later told his mother that he didn't even remember how it happened.Another incident occurred in the Khabarovsk region. Nazar P., 19, was forced to choose between signing a contract and being sent to military police custody. After a day of threats and intimidation, he signed the documents, but the command refused to accept his request to be discharged from the contract. According to the soldier's lawyer, the commanders stated that relatives could complain to anyone they wanted, but the soldier would still be sent to the front. In August, it was also reported that at least 13 conscripts were beaten with sticks and stones, forced to run in gas masks in the heat, and shot at, all in an attempt to force them to sign contracts.The families of the soldiers are trying to challenge the contracts and bring their loved ones home, but while the cases are being investigated, the signed documents remain valid, and the conscripts are being sent to the front.
>>545373605its hilarious and its only going to get funnier
>>545373643very good, see >>545373660
>>54537366018-year-old boy who needed a bulletproof vest died in the warSergey Gorbunov from Angarsk went to the front in July. Before that, he recorded a video message in which he asked for help to buy a bulletproof vest, as the one provided by the Ministry of Defense was "uncomfortable."In September, Sergey tried to contact human rights activists, and on September 21, he wrote to a journalist at "Lyudi Baikala" asking for help. He has not been seen online since then. The publication reported on the likely death of the young man after his individual taxpayer number (INN) was declared invalid on October 16.
>>545373739rest in piss, zister
>>545373290>95% of former Khazaria is in Russiacongratulationsyouplayedyourself.gif
Any news from the kaliningrad border in poland?
>>545373540>Pawn shop>Back brace>Stab woundOh to be russian.....
>>545373830>Poland's Police Chief, Inspector-General Marek Boroń has confirmed the establishment of a special operational headquarters coordinating Police, intelligence services, Army and border guard units due to anticipated russian sabotage efforts on the border with Kaliningrad
20-year-old St. Petersburg resident forced to sign a contract in pre-trial detention and sent to war under duress.Daniil Zalosny was detained on suspicion of storing and distributing drugs. After being beaten at the police station and sent to pre-trial detention, the young man was forced to sign a contract with the Ministry of Defense, under threat of physical violence.While in detention, a fellow inmate was placed near Daniil, who initially tried to persuade him to sign the contract, promising money and good service conditions. When the young man refused, the inmate began to threaten him with torture and beatings."He said, 'I'll burn you with a kettle right now, I'll beat your face against the radiator.' That's how my son signed the contract," said Zalosny's mother.According to her, the lawyer was not allowed to meet with her son at the police station. The woman believes this was done to prevent the recording of the beatings.Later, the mother received a message from an unknown sender: "Mom, I'm at the front." When she finally managed to contact her son, he asked her to come and say goodbye to him at the military unit. By that time, Daniil had already been sent to the front lines.The woman filed complaints with the military prosecutor's office and the Investigative Committee.
>>545370515Any sane country would have pulled out immediately suffering these losses ON THIS DAY let alone what you trannies claim they’ve suffered over five years. Therefore, the numbers are fake as fuck
>Any sane country would have pulled out immediately suffering these losses ON THIS DAY let alone what you trannies claim they’ve suffered over five years. Therefore, the numbers are fake as fuck
>>545374028you lost
>>545374028>sane countryLol
Two conscript soldiers denied the right to terminate contracts with forged signaturesThis was reported by the Association of Lawyers of Russia for Human Rights. Conscript soldiers Arseny Tolkachev and Bogdan Khalturin refused to sign contracts under duress, but military personnel who were forcing them to sign did so on their behalf. The forgery of the signatures was confirmed by an expert examination.However, the Moscow Garrison Court denied both conscripts the right to terminate their contracts, ignoring the expert's findings and reports of torture – neither a psychiatric examination nor an electroencephalogram of the brain were conducted. Witnesses were also not questioned.The lawyers will appeal the decision. Human rights activists are also taking steps to protect the soldiers, to prevent them from being killed on the front lines while the legal proceedings are ongoing.Less than a month ago, it was reported for the first time about a court decision that deemed a conscript's contract with a forged signature to be valid. This quickly became a pattern.
>>545373605>Russia’s monthly death toll is the same level as the US in the entirety of the Vietnam WarGrim.
>>545373605yes
>>545374085Shit's getting bad really fast.
>>545373739>he wrote to a journalist at "Lyudi Baikala" asking for help.And most likely was nullified by his officers for that, lol
>>545374028>sane countryThat's the point, idiot
>>545373739>18-year-old boy who needed a bulletproof vest died in the war>in which he asked for help to buy a bulletproof vest, as the one provided by the Ministry of Defense was "uncomfortable."It was made with plastic and has been used and failed many times?
>>545374028>Any sane country would have pulled out immediatelyAgreed
Former gay jewish MP of Ukraine mock russian masculinityIf you needed another proof that siding with Ukraine is siding with LGBT....
>>545370390daaarrrkklkkkk
>>545370435>>>WARNING!!!!!holy fucking reddit
lol loserpidors
>>545374253Eh not really this has been going on since the start of the svoConscript refuses to pay bribes or may be a snitchHe is volunteered then cubed in under a week for refusing or being too retarded to follow the mafia state rules
The side of the west is the party of war.Look how their propaganda portray peace efforts.Demonic.
this is a forever warit cannot end, only migrateand it sure as fuck won't be migrating westward
When will the Ruschweiner stop HRYUUUUUUKing?
>>545374968Why are you wasting your time here instead of searching for your daddy? Do you even know where exactly in Kabyle-Land he is hiding from you?
>>545372481where I can see the whole collection of these funny pigs?
>>545373290>Khazarian tamgavs>Mongolian hordeclown war lmaooo
>>545373803Try to have a little empathy. He never asked for this.
>>545375976>He never asked for this.Was he conscripted?
New ammo depot hit by 73rd Special Navy OperationsTZD
>>545376081Either that or misled.
>>545376270Or he volunteered. For money.
>>545376367That is another possibility. Maybe he was just trying to feed his family.
serfs dont deserve empathyTZD
>>545376807Why he did not use those PPP i hear so much about
>>545375849there are just too many of them oinks
Ass status?
good evening, kill all russiansthank you for your attention on this matter
>>545376807>Maybe he was just trying to feed his family.I'm sure they have a lifetime supply of fish blocks.
>>545375976>Empathy>For an invaderlolno.
>>545377204shame, I hoped for some pig-booru
>>545377523lol, do you know any share-hosting services similar to cat-box?I can zip and drop for you
>>545377204>Russian/reaction/oinkMan I wish I would have properly organized my TZD stuff from the beginning like that. I just have one folder with thousands of pictures and videos, and the only way to find specific ones is trying to remember whatever dumb name I gave the specific pic/vid (which actually works quite well most of the time since I always rename them).Sometimes I think about organizing it, but at this point it would probably take me like a week or so lmao.
